No Man Is An Island Scottish Culture

No Man Is An Island economical CultureThis essay will examine this motion and controvert the idea that no constituent is an island. The wording no man is an island delegacy that e very(prenominal)one is influenced by the macrocosm nigh them no person has total emancipation and freedom. This idea will be explored in relation to Scotland. The phrase will be no Scotland is an Island. Scotland over the historic period has had many challenges to its place, space and identity, and these will be explored with looking at Scotlands score, its sparing, its politics, its enculturation and how it is like a shot. The idea of nationalism and Scots patriotism in particular, and whether nationalism is a good thing will be examined. The question of whether Scotland should be strong-minded will be investigated. Scotland has strugg lead for years to be an island in its own even up the whole ultranationalistic feeling and want for independence is a want to be their own Island. Has S cotland got this or is it still struggling with its nationalist views and identity?What is Nationalism?Nationalism is difficult to define as at that place atomic number 18 so many incompatible views on what it is. It is about linked to the identity of a inelegant and how a acres promotes themselves. Nationalism is also a incarnate and sh atomic number 18d feeling about a place. Nationalism is a way of showing pride towards your orbit (Smith, 1991). til now in that respect is an argument to suggest that nationalism is political and something that the government uses to show the quiet of the world what makes their country special. One definition of political nationalism isthe active solidarity of a group who share a car park culture or history or history and who seek to give this common give way a political reality whether by means of self government or some separate kind of political recognition if not autonomy (Phillip cited in Mitchinson, 1980).Nationalism is an acti ve movement from a group that collectively share the same culture and history and want to p control that culture and history by dint of a political companionship. This is similar to why the stinting National Party (SNP) was set up and this will be looked at in more than detail later. In Scotland in that respect are different extremes of nationalism there is the aggressive form of where people think Scotland should be an all economical country with no one else from separate countries and there are the people who try and preserve what is left of stinting culture and history. The second form of nationalism can be defined as Pseudo-Nationalism (Smith, 1991). Jim Silars, a originator Labour MP, when describing Scots Nationalism saidI see a nation as make by people with a shared historical experience whose customs, practices, social mores, culture, patterns of thought and attitudes form a human group which is quite a distinct part of humanity. When that nation can identify issues and embrace that its members have interest in them and when that nation asserts its right to decide its own attitudes to issues then we have a basic nationalism (Silars, 1986).This is very similar to Isobel Lindsay, a member of the SNP, view of nationalism as a countrys national identity and ability to rationale on its own (SNP). She considered that the sharing of power is important so that everyone has a fair say (SNP). The government is more socialist in its views because it looks after the less blushful (SNP). The idea that the accepted way of running the country cannot continue and that Scotland should look at a more European structure (SNP) (Murison, 2003). This is a more political view of Nationalism and how it is used practically in running a country. Scotland has disoriented touch with some of these values because of its ties with EnglandIn terms of No man is an Island, when a country has strong nationalism they are saying that they are an island. It does not mean that they are really an island besides metaphorically they should be viewed as a country in their own right and not politically attached or influenced by any new(prenominal) country. economical HistoryScotland has a vast and well documented history much of which consisted of attempting to ward off continual attacks from England. England was always invading Scotland and claiming it as its own. The wars with England were cognize as the Wars of Independence. After the death of world-beater Alexander III in 1286, Scotland was plunged into uncertainness whilst a new heir was chosen (Lang, 2005). Eventually, with the aid of King Edward I of England, John Balliol was selected in 1292, but his was not to be a peaceful reign (Lang, 2005). Refusing aid in Englands war with France, Balliol attracted the wrath of Edward and the devil kingdoms descended into a conflict that would endure for more than 40 years (Lang, 2005). England was exercising a degree of hegemony in its pursuit of Scotland . This was a challenge to Scotlands space and place. England valued to expand.Many economical people died for their freedom and amongst these was William Wallace. Wallace, who led the Scottish rebellion against Edward I, inflicted a famous defeat on the side of meat army at Stirling twosome (Murison, 2003). in sentence, English judges read a list of charges against Wallace and then tortured and executed him (Murison, 2003). Robert the Bruce had himself crowned King of Scotland in 1306 and defeated the English forces, while Edward I died before he managed to launch another social movement in Scotland (Lang, 2005). His successor, Edward II, was not able to precede his fathers policy and Robert the Bruce consolidated his position in Scotland (Murison, 2003). After deposition and assassination of Edward II in 1327 Robert invaded newtonern England and the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328 that recognized Scottish independence and him as its king was signed (Lang, 2005) (Mc Cracken-Flesher, 2007). Scotland had its independence from England and was an Island and a country in its own right again.In 1707 Scotland was starting signal to have economic problems due to harvest failure and problems with colonization so needed to unify with England (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). However, there was a divide in Scotland as some people were still very bitter towards the English and wondered if unification was a good thing. Conversely, the political powers saying it as an advantage economically. England wanted to bring Scotland punt under correspond. The Scottish parliament was dissolved and Scottish representatives were sent to Westminster instead (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). The two countries were to have common economic politics and common tariff barriers. Scotland was to master(prenominal)tain its own Kirk, legislation and education brass (McCracken-Flesher, 2007) (Brown, 2010). Scotland had lost its Island. thither are still areas in Scotland that are bitter t owards the English. This is where a dower of Scottish jingoistic feeling stems from as their ancestors fought hard for Scottish freedom and independence. People feel Scotland should go sanction to world what it was like before 1707 it should go back to being an Island.What is Scottish IdentityTartan, shortbread, haggis and whisky this is stereotypical of what Scotland is known for. It raises the question of whether an individual can give themselves an identity or whether it is what others gives to the individual? Scotland is known worldwide for its Identity. Tourists scratch to Scotland with certain expectations of what it should be like and in a way people have given Scotland its identity.Scottish Identity is what makes Scotland and its people Scottish. There are a lot of factors that come into it such as voice communication, food, behaviour, heritage, clothes, culture and traditions.Tartan is a symbol of Scottish Identity.The earliest example of tartan dates from the third century AD (Brown, 2010). A two coloured check, named the Falkirk tartan, was found near the Roman Antonine wall (Brown, 2010). Tartan has become the main symbol of Scottish culture and an emblem of Scottish descent (Brown, 2010). The first tartans were simple checks coloured by vegetable dyes found in the various districts of Scotland, the colours signifying a geographical base (Brown, 2010). The clans were recognised by regional shades caused by the diversity in weaving techniques. After Bonnie Prince Charlies defeat at Culloden in 1746, the fatigueing of the kilt was banned and the Gaelic language discouraged (Brown, 2010). Anyone caught wearing tartan or compete the bagpipes could be sent to jail for six months (Brown, 2010). This was oppressing Scottish Identity. The use of tartan and Scotlands traditional way of spirit was lost.There was an upsurge in the Highland craze after Sir Walter Scott stage-managed the Royal visit of George IV to Scotland in 1822 (Brown, 2010). The king arrived wearing a kilt. Tartan became even more popular during the reign of Queen capital of Seychelles when commercialisation took h obsolete and tartan mania rolled on (Brown, 2010). Back then wearing tartan was a way of life for Scots but now they only wear it for special occasion such as weddings. Every Scottish family have their own tartan which is brought down from contemporaries to generation these tartans stretch back from the Scottish clans. Tartan is a symbol of Scottish Nationalism people wear tartan with pride for Scotland. Tartan is recognised worldwide.Scottish education left teaching about Scotland out. Scottish history was British history, and British history usually meant English history. Scotland does have its own education system but there is very little taught about Scottish history so kids cant take nationalistic views or make up their own mind about the future of Scotland. People dont devote children with big issues as they dont feel they will understa nd them.Scotlands traditional language is Gaelic which was one of the languages highlanders spoke. There are very few people who speak the language nowadays as not a lot of people teach it (Ferguson, 1998). The people who do speak it are in rural places or in highland areas. Scotland is also a more multicultural country so English is the language that most people understand. The Scots have made the English that they speak their own (Ferguson, 1998). They have kept up(p) a high percentage of vocabulary derived from Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon, and they speak with a lilt. Indeed (Ferguson, 1998), Scots is an actual language all on its own. However it was frowned upon in schools (Ferguson, 1998). Scots Gaelic, a language in its own right, was all but eliminated less than 2% of Scottish people speak Gaelic today (Ferguson, 1998). There are numerous attempts to slide by it alive, and the BBC as well as ITV offer segments of Gaelic schedule for Scotland, where it survives mostly in the n ether regions of the highlands and islands (Ferguson, 1998) (Anderson, 1997). There is little efficacy in speaking Gaelic nowadays.Scottish culture and identity is very important to Scottish nationalistic feeling. People want to keep the old traditions and way of living alive. There has been a lot of struggle over the years especially with tartan and their language.Scottish EconomyScotlands main industry was heavy industry such as construction (Anderson, 1997). The inseparable industry had been in great demand during the post-war period, but as Europe slowly recovered from the deliberate impacts of war, old competitors became active again, while the need for heavy industry continued to diminish (Anderson, 1997). Unemployment in Scotland blush wine steadily, having doubled the number of jobless labourers by the beginning of the 1960s a tendency which continued in spite of attempts of bringing new industry to Scotland (Anderson, 1997)However in the 1960s petroleum was discovered i n the North Sea which is located just off the coast of Scotland (Russell, 2005). Aberdeen became the centre of Britains North Sea oil industry, with many oil terminals such as that of Sullom Voe on Shetland and Flotta on Orkney and at Cruden Bay and St Cyrus on the north east coast of Scotland, being built to support the North Sea oil industry (Russell, 2005). However Scotland could not reap the rewards economically from this as while Scotland was part of the coupled Kingdom it had no control over royalties and revenue and it thus could not be used to benefit of Scotland economically (Russell, 2005).This strengthened the nationalist ideals and the fact Scotland should go independent because they would be able to take full advantage of the oil reserve and survive economically on their own. However, Labour claims that the oil is not sustainable and Scotland would not survive economically (GUNN, 2010). The oil is also a valuable resource for the United Kingdom so going independent wou ld mean they lose out on that resource.The Scots were not inclined to favour home rule or nationalism, but whether they did so or not, their attitudes were determined not by economic but by other issues. Whatever the reality of an economic case for nationalism in Scotland before 1914, none was imagined (Mitchinson, 1980).Scotland economy provides a strong argument for independence. However does not give Scotland its national feeling, nationalism comes more from other factors. Nationalism is more about Scotlands Identity rather than its economy. Scotland can sustain its Space, Place and Identity through its economy though for a good few years.Scottish National Party (SNP)The SNP is a pop left-of-centre political ships company committed to Scottish independence. It aims to create a just, caring and enterprising society in the mainstream of modem Europe by releasing Scotlands full potential as an independent nation (Independent, 2011). The leader of the SNP is Alex Salmond (Independe nt, 2011). At the 2007 local elections, the SNP won 363 council seats of 1,224 (doubling its 2003 total of 181 councilors), making them the largest group in Scottish local government. (Independant, 2011) The party has been at the forefront of the campaign for Scottish self-determination for almost seventy years (Independant, 2011). The evolution of the SNP has been paralleled by the political evolution of Scotland herself from an almost totally unionist country to a nation on the edge of independence (Independant, 2011).The Scottish people have invested a lot in their fantan but there is a growing realisation that, although devolution was a job worth doing, it is a job half done. The SNP ideology is to restore Scottish Parliament and return Scotland to the normal status of an independent country. Independence means Scotland will have a direct voice in Europe and the international community, and the power to encounter Scotlands social and economic problems by making Scotlands weal th work for Scotlands people (Independant, 2011).The SNP have a very nationalist view. The leader of the SNP Alex Salmond said There is not an anti-English bone in my body. I have forgotten more about English history than most Tory MPs ever learned (Bentley, 2009)The leader and the party are very passionate for independence and pass their passion on to the people of Scotland. In the current economic climate people are more supportive of them because they are growing tired of other parties and having to suffer the same policies as England. The SNP want to take Scotland back to what it was like before the 1707 unification. They believe Scotland should be able to make all decisions itself and govern itself. However some people still think Scottish economy is too unstable and people also like the idea of a United Kingdom. . Lindsay saysThe Scottish National Party declares its unshakeable flavour in Scotlands destiny as a European nation and reaffirms its belief that the best course for Scotland to take lies in Independence in Europe (SNP)The SNP think Scotland should be an island and not be influence by England. The issue for independence has cropped up again as the 2011 Scottish Elections saw the SNP win by an outstanding majority they won 69 seats in the Scottish Parliament which means they can push for an independence referendum (BBC, 2011). Scotland will be able to decide whether it will be a country in its own right or will still be part of the United Kingdom. It finally gets to decide whether it is an Island or if it is not.Scottish ParliamentThe first Scottish Parliament arose during the first thirteenth century, and its first meeting was at Kirkliston in 1235 in the reign of Alexander II (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). However due to economic problems the parliament was unified with England in1707 (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). Since then Scotland had been governed by Westminster but more recently there has been a lot of nationalistic feeling in Scotland thanks t o the SNP. As the Scotland Parliament Scotlands Right cut across saidThe longing of the people of Scotland for their own Parliament rings clear and true every time opinion is sounded. We believe that the momentum for change is now too great to deny and that a Scottish Parliament will soon be meeting for the first time in nearly 3 centuries (SCC, 1995).In September 1997, a referendum of the Scottish electorate secured a majority in favour of the establishment of a new devolved Scottish Parliament, with tax-varying powers, in Edinburgh (McCracken-Flesher, 2007). The new Scottish Parliament met at the Church of Scotland General forum rooms until 2004 when they got given their own building called Holyrood (McCracken-Flesher, 2007).This gave Scotland more control over domestic issues that affect their people. This was a great turning point for Scotland (McCracken-Flesher, 2007), However some people did not think it was enough and wanted more control over their decisions. The SNP keep pushing for more devolved powers to be given over to Scotland so it can take control of its own resources.In conclusion, Scotland as it stands today is not an island it still has nationalist views but is a long way from independence. Scotland has a vast history of standing against the English for independence from the wars of independence when many Scottish ancestors died which feeds a lot of the nationalist feeling in Scotland today. Scotland was a country in its own right prior to these wars. Scottish people today take pride in wearing tartan for special occasions but there was a time when it was suppressed. A lot of old Scottish past times that are a part of Scottish identity are dying out because of the unification with England such as the speaking of Gaelic. Scotlands economy could hold the key for Scotland fair an Island in its own right as the oil could mean Scotland could survive on its own. However the United Kingdom relies on it too and people worry that it would run out. The SNP is Scotlands leading political party and keeps Scottish nationalism alive but also fights for Scotlands right for independence. However Scottish people are divided up with those who want it and those who do not. Scotland has been given more power as under Tony Blair they got the Scottish Parliament back but only with devolved powers. Nationalism is important for a country to have as they can have pride in their country, heritage, culture and way of life and what makes their country unique. Scotland may not have independence yet but does it need it? Even if Scotland was to become independent it would still have to answer to the rest of the world. It is important to share the aspects that make Scotland great and for Scotland to be enriched by other countries. Scotlands culture will never fully return and Scotland will always be reliant on other people to keep whats left of it alive. Scotland is not an Island as no man is an Island but it does not have to be.

Using Batch And Continuous Cultures Biology Essay

Using Batch And Continuous Cultures Biology EssayMicrobial growth causes an increase in a microorganisms size and race account and can be studied utilize push-down store and constant culture mediums (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 112)Batch culturesNutrient consumption and build up of venomous by-products slow down and land up the growth of bacteria. One method to avoid this is to use batch culture system. This involves culturing bacteria in smooth-spoken medium within a closed system where no fresh medium is added during the incubation achievement and thus the food concentration declines and waste products accumulate during the growth of bacteria (Slonczewski comfort 2009, p. 137).The microorganisms reproduce by binary fission and their growth can be expressed as the logarithm of cubicle add together and can be plotted against incubation time. This result in a curve that has 4 unadorned stagecoachs as shown in Figure 1 (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 19 93, p. 113)Figure 1 Curve showing manikins of growth for batch cultures (taken from Tortora et al. 1992)Lag Phase- when microorganisms atomic number 18 introduced into fresh culture medium no increase in cell frame or mass occurs. This marks the beginning of the Lag Phase which is necessary as the cells may be old and depleted of ATP, certain essential cofactors and ribosome, the medium may be antithetic from the one that the microorganism was growing in previously, or the microorganism may have suffered injuries and may need time to withhold (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113).Length of the Lag Phase varies depending on factors such as age of culture, temperature changes and differences between old and saucily media. When cells are transferred from a complex medium to a fresh complex medium recur phase is very short, whereas when cells are transferred from complex medium into a minimally defined medium, lag phase is prolonged (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 137).E xponential Phase- during this phase the set out of growth of microorganisms is constant and they divide and become double in result at regular intervals and at the maximal rate possible given their genetic potential, constitution of the medium and the conditions of growth (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113).As batch cultures are not synchronous every cell has an equal times time and each cell divides at a different moment, as hence the cell number rises smoothly. When the medium is abruptly changed nutritional downshifts or nutritional upshifts cause cells experiencing balanced exponential growth to be thrown into metabolic chaos that is unbalanced growth (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 138). Exponential phase cultures are apply in bio chemic and physiological studies as the population is most uniform in terms of chemical and physiological characteristics during this phase (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 113).Stationary Phase- during this phase the growth c urve becomes horizontal as growth of the population ceases. Bacteria innovate this phase at a population level of around cells per ml. The total number of viable organisms remains constant callable to a balance between cell division and cell death or because the population ceases to divide but still remains metabolically active. Microbial populations enter the stationary phase due(p) to reasons such as nutrient limitations, oxygen avail dexterity and accumulation of toxic waste products (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 114).Death Phase- characteristic feature of this phase is decline in the number of viable cells due to nutrient deprivation and buildup of toxic wastes. The death of a microbial population is logarithmic. The extended survival of particularly resistant cells may reduce the death rate (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 114). In this phase the number of cells that die during a given time period is proportional to the number of cells that existed at the beginning of the time period (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 138).Advantages of using batch culturesThey allow versatility and can be used for many different reactions (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).They are riskless and do not pose a threat of strain mutation (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).They ensure complete metempsychosis of substrate (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).The changing conditions during the use of batch cultures affect the physiology and growth of bacteria and hence highlight the ability of bacteria to adapt to its environment (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 137).Disadvantages of using batch culturesUse of batch cultures requires highly arch(prenominal) fight thus increasing labor costs (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).Use of batch cultures is time consuming (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344). harmonise to Xuezhen Kang (2000) changing concentrations of products and reactants, varying pH and oxidation-reduction potential makes interpretation of results diff icult.According to Xuezhen Kang (2000) complicated mix of growing, anxious(p) and dead cells also makes interpretation difficult.Continuous culturesIn a around-the-clock culture system the microorganisms are grown in an open system where constant environmental conditions are maintained through nonstop provisions for new nutrients and removal of waste. This allows the microbial population to remain in exponential growth phase and at a constant biomass concentration for an extended period of time (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).2 main types of continuous culture systemsChemostat- this system ensures that sterile medium containing essential nutrients in limiting quantities is fed into the culture vas at the same rate as the medium containing the microorganism is removed (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).The growth rate of microorganisms is persistent by the rate at which new medium is fed into the growth chamber. The final cell parsimoniousness depen ds on the concentration of the limiting nutrient (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).Dilution rate D is used to express the rate of nutrient exchange and is defined as the rate at which medium flows through the culture vessel telling to the vessel volume. f re personates flow rate and V represents volume of the vessel (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).D=f/Vf (ml/hr) and V(ml)(Lansing M. Prescott et al.1990, 1993, p. 120)Microbial population levels and times time depend on the dilution rate. As the dilution rate increases generation time shortens and growth rate rises. Under these conditions the limiting nutrient will be almost all told depleted and it begins to rise at higher dilution rates as there are fewer microorganisms present to use it. At low dilution rate a rise in both cell constriction and growth rate occur (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).Turbidostat- involves a photocell that measures the turbidity of the culture in the growt h vessel. The rate of flow of the media through the growth vessel is automatically regulated to maintain a predetermined turbidity. here(predicate) the dilution rate remains constant and there is no limiting nutrient in the culture. The turbidostat operates best at high rates of dilution (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 120).Advantages of using continuous culturesThey allow good utilization of the bioreactor and ensure low labor costs (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).They are efficient and ensure high and constant productivity due the autocatalytic nature of microbial reaction taking place (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).They allow detailed analysis of microbial physiology at different growth rates as all cells of the population achieve a steady state and hence has significant industrial and research applications (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 139).The situation in a chemostat resembles the growth of bacteria in nature where the growth rates are very low (Slonczewski Foster 2009, p. 140).According to Xuezhen Kang (2000) their use eliminates the lag the organism experiences before going into high productivity.Disadvantages of using Continuous CulturesSometimes they fail to produce results due to infection and mutations of microorganisms that result in production of non producing strains (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).Use of these cultures requires downstream equipments to be designed for low volumetrical rates and continuous operation (Nielsen Villadsen 1994, p. 344).In conclusion, we see that both culture mediums have their advantages and disadvantages and while using either one, these should be kept in mind.

Human Resource Information System

compassionate imagination In plaster bandageation schemeThis authorship generates propositions analyzing the association mingled with Human Resource Information placements (HRIS) and the reliance, pharmaceutic industry places in the applied science and models the effect of those associations on HRIS execution success. It gives education almost the gentle resource counsel at assorted aims and how the schooling technology is ingestiond in humanity resource department to come across either its functions with ease. It overly gives discipline about the aspects that help in in force(p) and optimal use of Human Resource c be scheme and say-so in integrating the HR activities with IT. It gives the idea of the uses of diverse staffs of HRMS and another(prenominal) bundle related to Human resource management. It says about the margins of mis interpreting and the consummateance level of current HRMS.It provides with the clues about the ch eitherenges set about by near of the pharmaceutic companies in which HRMS assists them to successfully deal with it. It enlightens the pros cons and the outcomes of usage of human resource information schema apply in pharmaceutical industries. This outline adds value to the Human Resource functions but also changes the competencies that define the winning of human resource overlords.This paper also generates the importance of HRIS in Novartis International AG. It also explains its assorted challenges temporary hookup implementing the nerve in the lodge.IntroductionThe main use of technology promotion in the corporate has driven the change of means, needs and styles of tempting. When advanced mesh effectiveness and output, falling in line with age management agendas and allegiance to punctuality guidelines, there be more profits to employees effectively, and best engagement of purchasable resources and a successful deal with corporate. The limitinal, Human Resource vigilance form ( HRMS) or Human Resource Information System (HRIS), matches to all the features in the art organisation system. HRMS is the procedure engaged by the combination of give away ways of technological development with conventional ways of the human resource mode of functioning. A Human Resource Management System or Human Resource Information System (HRIS) or HR system is the systems and processes between human resource management (HRM) and information technology (IT). HRM is a discipline which blends its basic HR functions and processes with the information technology. HRMS software was provided by the PeopleSoft.Inc.Earlier, most of the administrative line of tunes constituted tiresome practice of manual paperwork like determine payroll, tracing info, conserving the collection of database, substantiateing and evaluating productivity reads, keeping employee personal information, addressing upshots and resolving conflicts and scrutinizing employee eudaimonia schemes have now bec ome a simple, time-saving and cost-saving process. There are other functions such(prenominal) as observe and retrieving periodic employee performance, planning, discoverling and coordinating activities, organizing tables, figures and statistics and evaluating them. This technology is used as a device to make the work environs simple, standardized and user-friendly.Importance of Information System to HRBetter sentry goBetter benefitCompetitive AdvantageFewer ErrorsGreater truenessImproved CommunicationIncreased EfficiencyIncreased Productivity more than efficient administrationMore opportunitiesReduced job requirementsReduced costSuperior managerial decision makingSuperior minceThe Human Resources Department needed more management-level information and support to encounter all the expectations. These practices have now begun to branch into the different trends that makeup some organizations today. The colossal part of human resources is now E-business. Many companies have im plemented a tissue-based system known as the Oracle Human Resources Management System which helps data access through centralized core HRMS system, enabling companies to control and measure their workforce potentials and allows them to manage risk by recording and monitoring compliance with statutory, regulatory, and industry requirements relating to their employees. The stronger use of technology has allowed HRM professionals to invest more time in counselling, selecting, and coaching managers and front-line supervisors.History of HRIS1950s virtually non-existent1960s however a select few1970s greater need mid-eighties HRIS a reality in many organizations1990s Numerous vendors, specialtiesAspects luck in effective and optimum use of HRISHRIS is useful for the employees according to their needs. It open fire be accessible by adding or modifying the staffs and also by go different facilities to them.Also, HRMS isThe best means by which the employees of different department s deep down the conjunction quite a little communicate.It gives information to support and analyze the smart sets continuous development.It establishes the level of noesis which is helpful for upgrading the process and research-based practices.It creates the companys planning agenda and defines its decision making process.It Verifies validates the companys cathexis statement.Effectiveness in integrating the HR activities with ITTo prevent from moderating data and viewing information, a role based security is designed.To make the functionalities easy, various functional roles are gettable which provides ways of data recording, forwarding, reporting and authorizing.It helps to record and view information for different plant, locations, department and employee.HRIS have different segments categorized as facultys like payroll module, HR management module, training module, employee self-service module, etceteraThe maintenance work consumes less effort due to its different way o f designing.Uses of different modulesThere are different types of HR modules in Human Resource Information System, and they are as followsPayroll module This module mechanizes the pay process and calculates different deductions and taxationes, by gathering information on employee presence and their work timings. It helps to generate periodic pay checks and employee tax reports. For calculating automatic deposit and manual checks, data is generally on tap(predicate) from the human resource department. It contains all employee-related dealings as well as all the information is combined with financial management systems.Benefits administration module Employee benefits programs such as encompass insurance, compensation, profit sharing and retirement of the employees are being tracked and managed by this system for the organizations.HR management module This module covers different aspects from application to retirement. in all the basic information of the employees such as their demo graphics, address data, selection, training and development, capabilities, skills, compensation records and other functions are record with the help of this module. This module helps the system to offer the facility to read applications and enter appropriate data to particular(prenominal) database fields, informs employers and helps to provide position management and control which are not in use. Human resource management systems work is mainly the job placement, recruitment, training, compensation, evaluation and developments of the people working in the company. Mainly, industries use computer based information systems to create pay checks and payroll results to maintain force out records and information of the employees and training and developing the employees.ATS module Nowadays, online recruiting has become genuinely popular as the key method of employment by the human resource department. This helps in gathering potential and eligible candidates for the available position s in a company. ATS module generally helps in the following waysIt investigates personnel usage in a company recognizes potential applicants for the available positionsIt helps in recruiting through company-facing entriesIt provides help in hiring through online recruiting sites or publications which is marketed to both recruiters and applicants. information module It offers the system for the companies to help in managing and track employee training and increase efforts. This system is generally known as a Learning Management System and it is a stand-alone, that permits the HR to track all the information of the employees regarding their education, qualifications and skills, as well as recording their training courses ,books, CDs, etc. whichever are available to improve their skills in different areas. Thereafter the employees are registered for the appropriate courses which are offered at a particular dates with specific sessions, with delegates and training resources by which t hey are being recorded and managed within the same system. The learning management system helps the managers in approving training, budgeting and arranging together with performance management and estimation metrics.Employee Self-Service module This module is useful for the employees of the companies to ask question to the human resource about HR related information. They can also perform HR transactions through the system such as querying about their attendance records from the system without asking the HR personnel. This module also provides service to let the upper managers approve overtime requests from their subordinates without disturbing the functions of HR department.Benefits to the EmployeesThe ways in which employees can be benefited by the HRMS are as follows realization of employees key skills for retention excellence.Automated and precise performance appraisals promote lusty relations.Expedite employees recruiting process.Multitude data pulling from wiz entry can cut in various reports. overhauls building a successful purlieu where employees strive to perform well and exceeding their goals.A collegial flexible work place, Employee input in to how the work gets done, trust in elder management and lack of hierarchy flexible work arrangement.Web-based management system can streamline improvement plans by collaborating creation, implementation and monitoring phases.Help manage workforce and resources.Focuses and aligns staff development and resources.The margins of errorThe margin of error for the HRIS system is very minimal. The HRIS system maintains and updates its form of modifications or additions of HR modules on a regular basis. The performance level of this system is ideal.Unique areas where the pharmaceutical company uses HRMS effectivelyThe HRMS system, implemented in various pharmaceutical companies, is extremely sophisticated and provided with latest versions. Consultants who are expertise in making the software, seeks suggestions and advice on the implementation of the HRIS software in their own company.All the pharmaceutical companies tailor its HRIS as per the needs and requirements of the personnel and staff. The unique areas where the pharmaceutical company uses the HRMS effectively areIt contains all the personal information of the employees such as their training, experience, education, leave, job description, pay description at a single point of access.All the information about the leave allocation and movement can be comfortably drawn with the help of it.It helps in searching appropriate applicants for the available vacancies and in the interviewing process.It is also helpful in managing the insurance of the employees easily.It is important for the step-up of the employees which are under their respective training given for their skill development.It is helpful in development of the employees performance appraisal system.It is also helpful in managing all the policy documents at a single source depos itory.It is also used to do online survey about the companys environment by the employees.By the help of this software, an employee gets the benefit of suggesting any useful advice for the companys well-being.It facilitates with an extra benefit to the employee by notifying about the urgent and critical notices or important messages from a single point.It gives an access to collect opinions easily, fast and with security and confidentiality companywide.It can be used as a budget allocation and consumption tool.The long term benefitsThe HRMS software is a customized tool and due to this reason, it had very high level of tractableness and the company gets the advantage of adding more features and HR modules according to their specific needs of the management and employees. This provides the company to communicate the employees with their respective departments even give out day-by-day. Recently online HRMS currentsletter is introduced which modifys the employees to share news and information. Through this, it is involving the employees to participate in sharing and gaining knowledge and capabilities with the other departments of the company.Reasons why HRIS fails sometimesUnclear goals/objectivesSystem solves the wrong problemImproper vendor/product selection base user involvementPlanning overlooks impact on clerical procedures miss of HR/functional expertise in designingUnderestimate modulation effortManagement- unrealistic expectationsLack of overall plan for record managementLack of flexibility and adaptabilityMisinterpret HR specificationsPoor communication between HR/ISInadequate testingThe HRIS software is sold by different vendors. Some of the contacts of the vendors are PeopleSoft, Oracle HR Applications, Ascentis Software, Eric Systems Inc., Infinium, and Spectrum.Novartis international AG mooringNow, lets take the case analysis of Novartis International AG. It is a multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland with 140 branches worldwide. Around 100,000 associates work in this company. This company manufactures drugs such as diclofenac, carbamazepine, letrozole, methylphenidate, etc.There were various issues that Novartis faced regarding its Human Resource System. Some of the issues are as followsSignificant antecedence of the company was to implement a firm wide HRIS that would convert many of transaction-based HR core processes to an internet-based system.HRIS project was an integral part of Novartis long term strategy for improving overall HR service delivery to the organization that would result in a full HR transformation.A shift in the infrastructure priority was the lack of a global HR information system.Managers in the company were unable to figure out quickly how many HR associates were working at Novartis.Lack of number of associates within the company to fill the leadership position.The existing IT systems within Novartis were not up to mark.Centralization or standardization of HR data.No co nsistent standards.No consolidated database.Difficult in supporting in the businesses in identifying, moving, and tracking talent.Multiple fragmented systems. characterization for many small vendors with non-integrated niche application.Exposure to legal/regulatory non-compliance.Employees are feeling stretched because of initial post-merger integration.The top inner issue is little centralization or standardization of HR data. The company operated in 140 different countries. Due to lack of HRIS in the company, the company has many loop holes such as no consistent standards, no consolidated database, and no ability to provide data in form to reflect their matrix structure whereas has difficulty in supporting the business in identifying, moving and tracking talent etc. So, with the implementation of new HRIS, the company will be able to solve the problem easily and allow the managers and HR professionals to respond to the business challenges.The top external issue is the Shifting of HR role from functional expert and transaction processor to strategic partner and change agent. The implementation of HRIS system will enable the HR transformation. It will cut down most of the administrative activities of the HR managers leading to be an evolution of the basic role of HR in the company. There will be requirement of more skilled and professional HR associates who can act as a strategic business partner and change agent.Major challenges faced by Novartis in implementation of the HRIS1. The HRIS effort represented a major transformation in the unsounded role and responsibilities of the HR function within Novartis.2. The new system changed the relationships of HR professionals with their business partners.3. HR associates expected to play a more strategic, consultatory role to the business.4. Technical challenges for system implementation such as web enabling, fall guy R/3 -a core transaction processing system, SAP business warehouse (BW), an enterprise HR portal so lution etc.Competencies needed by the HR professionals at Novartis for using HRISThe HR professionals at Novartis should have more human resource knowledge understand their business and its language.They must have expertise in staffing, development, compensation, etc. They must be able to deliver innovative HR practices that add value to the company.HR professionals need to be effective, able to detect trends and early signals and initiate flexibility in fast changing environment.With implementation of HRIS, the HR professionals have to be a technology expert to deliver services to employees and help them to understand the new system. They must be proficient in using technology to collect data and producing it more strategically valuable information.Hence, HRIS is very of the essence(p) in the companies all over the world providing better safety, competitive advantage, fewer errors, greater accuracy, improved communication, increased efficiency and productivity and reduced labor re quirements.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Touristm

Advantages And Disadvantages Of TouristmTourism is the worlds biggest industry in the 20th century and has interpreted place for a very long time, it recognized as an important economic and social phenomenon. We argon certainly believes that red-brick holidaymakerry brush off bring much advantages than disadvantages to fashionable turn of eventser argonas in terms of the culture, economic, environmental and society. In the following, we testament focus on to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of advance(a) touring carry in several areas which are mentioned before.In terms of society, high amount of phaeton arrival apprize lead to create much occupation luck to the citizen in that metropolis or democracy, consequence that quite a little reduce the un utilisation consider of that rural. According to reoceanrch of UNWTO Tourism Highlight, The report mentions that the international tourist arrival of the world has 2.9% rises on the average annual growth (UNWTO, 20 10). It can be positively estimated that increase of tourism can increase the demand in service and tourist industry such as travel agencies, hotels, restaurants, bars, substructure parks and sightseeing attractions. Thus, it origin the companies create more job positions to can service to the tourist. Secondly, Tourism is the largest single industry in the world and it regarded as an exciting global business nowadays. According to the special designated topic of tourism on Independent Educational Magazine, it mentions that In the UK alone, 2.1 million concourse piece of work in jobs supported by visitor spending. Both home and abroad, careers in the tourism industry attract a wide range of people with all sorts of interests and ambitions. (Tourism The worlds biggest single industry, 21 September 2006) In brief, it can be said that the tourism industry can effectively to create more job opportunity as well as reduce the un example appraise to that country.However, the new-fan gled tourism will bring several negative do in our society. A vigorous of red-brick tourism causes niggardness of tourism employment which is means the employees are lopsided in one of the tourist industry on that country. According to the Travel Daily News, Dublin has the highest concentration of tourism employment, with one-third of the total, followed by the BMW region with 25% and the south-west which has 15%. In 2004, Faille Ireland trained just under 10,000 people for careers in cordial reception and tourism. (Theodore, 2005) In Dublin and other popular tourism of country, they will be facing a heartrending caper, because in that respect have concent telld employment in one or few specific industry (e.g. hotels, bars, newspaper publisher parks, exileation ships company). Consequently, the industry of the country will be focused on one-sided to the tourism and will put less effort to surface other area of industry, for example, the expense on educational activity, c itizen welfare or medical checkup expense on general public. Furthermore, if the tourism becomes more saturated, the poor employment opportunities would be offered to the workers such as the job is often seasonal, exploited and low-paying. Secondly, the modern tourism may affect the security problem in popular tourist areas, consequence that country will become more upright and hazards to visit and stay, for instance during the adult male Cup 2010 event, the robbery and car hijackings are frequently occur in South Africa. From the travel news human Cup 2010 offensive threat to visitors is exaggerated, it mentioned that Much has been said in the build-up to the World Cup about South Africas crime problem and the threats to visiting supporters. The crime is a serious problem in South Africa, the countrys murder rate is 37.3 per 100,000 in 2009-10, and it is extremely high when compared to the global homicide rate of 7.6 per 100,000. (Burger, 2010). It can be say that the rise o f crime rate can be caused by tourism. Base on the not to the full developed law scheme e.g. Africa, legion(predicate) lawbreakers will decide street robbery or muggings to the tourist when in high arrival rate of tourist during hosting the world event. In China, Pickpocketing, which is different to robbery, is more common in touristy areas especially in the crowed area (train stations, shopping hotspots, sightseeing attractions), because the criminals can easier to leave and Pickpocketing is easier happening on the foreign tourists. Thus, the crime activities can be increased by the modern tourism. Thirdly, the population problem will occur on some of countries or cities which are not big enough. Because of mass of the tourist arrival to the gnomish city, the city becomes more crowded. For example, Hong Kong is a small city in China. Though, there have a mass of tourist travel in the city. in that location were 16.9 million of international tourist arrivals in Hong Kong in 200 9 (UNWTO, 2010), In fact, many people and cars in the street and the place is very crowded no matter in the tourist spots, shopping Centre, restaurants and the hotels are always fully reserved by the tour agency. In short, the tourism will cause population problem to some small country or city that may certainly cause the citizen feel worse.As regards the Economy of the country, the modern tourism will bring a high economic income to that country. In the UNWTO Tourism Highlights, Edition 2010 which mentioned the data of tourism receipts, it said the international tourism receipts reached US$ 852 billion (611 billion euros) in year 2009 (UNWTO, 2010) which shows the country can get a high income from the tourist expense and therefore boost the economics of that area. Because the visitors expense their money on shopping, imparting, accommodation and dinning by spend theirs holiday in the unusual place. Moreover, the income comes from the tourism can be used on the national society. For example, it can used to improve the education system, infrastructure, welfare and promote its country. Eventually, the industry of economy of that country can be improved by the expenses of the modern tourism. Secondly, the modern tourism can depict more business opportunity and support to the small local company such as boat operating company, the souvenir shop. In Thailand, or so of the local boat operating company provides some boat tour service to transport tourist to different islands for holiday to sightseeing and sea activities. Also, intimately of fishing boat will converse to the tour boat in the seasonal travel period, the fishing boat use to transport the tourist to gain additional income from tourism other than fishing. As a result, the local company and the fish boat operator can genuine more income from the tourism to support their own business.On the other hand, the modern tourism can easily affected by the unstable economic market. For example, in the Late-2 000s financial crisis in 2008 to 2009, the worlds tourist industries were facing a serious problem, because most of peoples were turn down their travel plan and cancel theirs blow up even they reserved a tour. Due to the depressed economic environment, most of the employee was dismissed by the company and the hotels, bars, shops were forced to close, as well as the industry in current country were attacked deeply. Eventually, the modern tourism will be destructed by the seasonal and unstable economic market.With regard to the Environment, the environmental sense of the general public can be improved by having environmental travel, because of environmental travel promotes environmental awareness to the traveler. In terms of Ecotourism, it means the tourists travel in the unpopular tourist spot, natural, and usually sheltered areas for example Amazon, New Zealand, South Africa (A. Martin, Lindsay D., 2011). Its purpose is to educate the tourist to protect our surrounding such as fo rest, river and the sea. On the other hand, the tourism activities of tourist will damage the environment and pollute the area. According to report of short letter Pollution from Ground Transportation from United Nations (2002 edition), it said Transportation involves the blaze of fossil fuels to produce energy translated into motion. Pollution is created from incomplete vitamin C reactions, unburned hydrocarbons or other elements present in the fuel or air during burn (Gorham, 2002) Therefore, the transportation (airplane, tourist coach, etc.) causes air pollution which releases the green house gases, different gaseous and liquid vapor such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust particles and soot to our atmosphere during transporting to the destination place, seriously those product of burn is responsible for the greenhouse effect. Moreover, the behavior of the tourist is needed to concern when they are traveling. Some low civism sense of the tourist may damage the histor ic relic and public property in the tourist spot. Consequence, the valuable historical relics are injured and cannot to repair at all.In terms of Culture, tourism activities can speed up the spread of dangerous diseases from one country to another country by the modern transportation systems such as airplane, train, coach. According to the Globalization 101 of Health and Globalization report, it stated that among 2007 and 2008 there was a 1.8 percent increase in international travel. In the same way that ancient caravans and seagoing vessels carried illnesses from city to city, modern transportation systems do the same thing, only at a vastly greater speed. (Globalization101, 2010) Also, it mentioned increase of international travel have played a major(ip) role on spread of human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS. Some scientist found that the HIV virus was originated in West Africa. However, unfortunately, it spreads out to other region. The main origin is global travel can cause i ncreased dispersion of contagions and withal disease can spread by traveling to different place. For example, the passengers bring forth a long distance flight on airplane, recirculate air may cause a significant threat to passengers for contracting diseases such as tuberculosis, which is common lung disease and it is extremely contagious in air. Therefore, the other passengers may have high chance to get sick after taking a long flight, if one of the passengers is carrying virus to take flight.After we were focus to discuss the benefits and drawbacks in four dimension area (our society, economy, environment, and culture). It can be conclude that there are more advantages than disadvantage to popular tourist country or in specific area. The modern tourism can bring our government or industries receive more income and financial support. Also, more opportunity will be created by company to cope with a large amount of tourist arrival, and provide more job opportunity to the worker a nd small company. However, there still have many problem instigated by the modern tourism activities, we strongly believe that the government can completely solve these problems by setting up corresponding policy.

Public Health Issue: Alcohol Misuse

Public wellness Issue wet drink maltreatAlcohol profane as defined by the World wellness Organization (WHO) is the inebriant use that places concourse at guess for problems, including at- jeopardize use, clinical inebriantic bever come alongic drinkic beverage abuse, and dependence. Although the use of inebriantic drinkic drinkic drink brings with it a number of pleasures, alcoholic beverageic drink increases the venture of a wide set off of complaisant harms, commonly in a dose dependent manner (WHO 2011).Alcohol demoralize is one of the closely devastating non-communicable deceases that contri plainlyes, or directly causes inveterate ill- wellness, high mortality, violent crime, and anti-social demeanor (Alcohol Concern, 1997). tally to the globular status report on alcohol and health published in 2011 by World Health Organisation (WHO), the destructive use of alcohol results in 2.5 million deaths each year glob anyy (WHO 2011). According to the same re port, by 2011, alcohol misuse is the worlds third largest risk factor for disease angle, and it is the engageing risk factor in the horse opera Pacific and the Americas and the twinkling largest in Europe. Alcohol is associated with many serious social and develop manpowertal turn outs, including violence, child neglect and abuse, and absenteeism in the workplace (Harvey, 2000).Excessive alcohol consumption is a major cause of different types of diseases and conditions, including injuries, mental and behavioural unhinges, gastrointestinal conditions, loafercers, cardiovascular diseases, immunological disorders, lung diseases, skeletal and muscular diseases, reproductive disorders and pre-natal harm, including an change magnitude risk of prematurity and low birth weight (Moore and, Pearson, 1986). For or so conditions, alcohol increases the risk in a dose dependent manner, with the higher the alcohol consumption, the greater the risk. For some conditions, such as cardiomyopa thy, acute respiratory trauma syndrome and muscle damage, harm appears only to result from a sustained take of high alcohol consumption, but even at high takes, alcohol increases the risk and severity of these conditions in a dose dependent manner. The relative frequency and volume of episodic heavy alcoholism ar of particular impressiveness for increasing the risk of injuries and certain cardiovascular diseases (Moore and Pearson 1986).The causes of alcohol misuse can be traced to many factors including family history, psychological factors such as anxiety or depression, the addictive pharmacology of alcohol, and the environment in which people live. Some interrogation works show that genes could influence people swallow habits and their susceptibility to alcohol addiction. For others who drink alcohol above the guidelines, at hazardous and ill levels, alcohol misuse may be due to habit, lifestyle, lack of aw atomic number 18ness of the health cause and an absence of ob vious symptoms.This assignment seeks to discuss the problems associated with alcohol misuse, and the corporate efforts soon being throw away in place in precondition of interrogation and government policies to oral communication it. The redeing of local anesthetic, subject area and global trends of alcohol misuse and the associated deceases ordain be demonstrated using the available statistical information from the Public Health Observatory.Following the introductory section, where background of alcohol misuse, the justification for chosen it, and the importance of alcohol misuse as a humanity health concern are fork upd, branch 2 leave behind discuss the epidemiology and trends of alcohol misuse. In Section 3, the social determinants of alcohol misuse will be explored, while Section 4 will report how the issues and problems of alcohol misuses are tackled at both issue and global level. Section 5 will be devoted to the local public health. Specifically, the problems associated with alcohol misuse in Bradford will be discussed. The last section will provide some recommendations and strategies to squall the issue of alcohol misuse.MethodologyThe research methods used for this assignment included reviewing poster, televisions adverts, internet research on crapulence and journals. The main website was the issue institute of alcohol abuse, but others included strong living, NHS Stockport. These research methods were very useful as they provided a wealth of culture which resulted in a through investigation in to alcoholism and the effects on an individuals lifestyle2. Epidemiology of Alcohol MisuseThe alcohol misuse is a global phenomenon, which hinders both individual and social development. On a global level, World Health Organization (WHO 2011) report thatThe harmful use of alcohol results in 2.5 million deaths each year.320 000 boylike people between the age of 15 and 29 die from alcohol-related causes, resulting in 9% of all deaths in tha t age group.Alcohol is the worlds third largest risk factor for disease burden it is the leading risk factor in the Western Pacific and the Americas and the second largest in Europe.Researchers in numerous countries spend a penny conducted analyses of alcohol consumption and general commonwealth surveys to ascertain the level and consequences of alcohol use. In recent years, investigators similarly score made attempts to compare drinking rates and other drinking variables across different countries. One reason for researching across national borders is the select for descriptive epidemiology (Room and Makela1988).The total economic equal of alcohol to the EU was estimated to be 125 one million million million (WHO Europe, 2009), while the government of United Kingdom estimated the cost of alcohol related harms to the National Health Service (NHS) to be 2.7 billion in 2006/07 prices (NHS 2012).Alcohol consumption is a major cause of ill-health in England. More than 10 million people (31 per cent of men and 20 per cent of women) are now regularly drinking above the guidelines deposit by Government (NAO, 2008), and many of these are likely to suffer ill-health or injury as a result.In England, it is estimated that 18 per cent of the grownup population (7.6 million) are drinking at hazardous levels another septenary per cent (2.9 million) are showing evidence of harm to their own carnal and mental health, including approximately 1.1 million people who have a level of alcohol addiction (NAO, 2008).Social Determinant on HealthAlcohol use and abuse is a major preventable public health problem. To be able to do this, we must be able to understand the social determinant of alcohol misuse and abuse. Different factors such as gender difference, race, culture, ethnicity, social class, poverty levels are among the most important factors that have been imbed to influence the level of alcohol consumption. According to the research findings describe in the Alcohol Needs Assessment Research Project (ANARP), 2004, intimately 38% of men and 16% of women (age 16-64) have an alcohol use disorder , which is equivalent to approximately 8.2 million people in England.It has also been reported in the lit that alcohol use disorders generally decline with age. In relation to ethnicity, black and minority ethnic groups have a substantially lower prevalence of hazardous/harmful alcohol use but a similar prevalence of alcohol dependence compared with the white population (ANARP, 2004).Another important social determinant of alcohol misuse is the family background. The family plays a central role in the use of alcohol by children and adolescents. earlyish drinking and much subsequent use of alcohol by children and adolescents is canonic and sometimes encouraged by their families. Unlike experimentation with alcohol, problem drinking is associated with low levels of family social support and with dysfunctional coping strategies of families that may lead c hildren to use drinking as an adaptive behavior.Addressing Alcohol Misuse IssuesThe harmful use of alcohol is a serious health burden, and it affects virtually all individuals on an international scale. Both the government policy (NHS) and the scientific literature have recognized the necessity to control the general populations alcohol consumption. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the global strategy to control the misuse of alcohol will focuses on ten key areas of policy options and interventions at the national level and four priority areas for global action. The ten areas for national action are summarized as followsLeadership, awareness and commitmentHealth operate responseCommunity actionDrink-driving policies and countermeasuresAvailability of alcoholMarketing of alcoholic beveragesPricing policies reducing the negative consequences of drinking and alcohol intoxicationReducing the public health impact of illicit alcohol and informally produced alcoholMonito ring and surveillance.The four priority areas for global action arepublic health advocacy and partnershiptechnical support and capacity makeproduction and dissemination of noesisresource mobilizationAt national level, Government policy continues to place emphasis on the primary mission setting to undertake health promotion. Prior to 1995, the sensible drinking policy in the UK was that men should drink no more than 21 units (168 g) and women 14 units (112 g) per week (Department of Health 1992). However, by 1995, the Department of Health in UK has put in place guidelines for the responsible consumption of alcohol (UK Department of Health 1995). The comparison of UK units/day and grams of pure alcohol/day in flatboat/moderate/heavy drinking is summarized in Table 1.Table 1 comparison of UK units/day and grams of pure alcohol/day in miniature/moderate/heavy drinkingLocal Public HealthOf most concern to public health is the number of local people drinking excessively. In this work , the public health of Bradford will be discussed. National data suggests around 20,000 residents of the Bradford district are dependent drinkers. According to the Bradford and Airedale Health and life style Survey 2007-2008, the national average consumption in Bradford district is significantly greater than the national average. In all adult, the mean units alcohol consumed by drinkers in a typical week in Bradford is 23% for men and 14.5% for woman as compared to national average of 21% for men and 11% for woman (BJSNA 2010).The Bradford and Airedale Healthy Lifestyle Survey (BJSNA 2010) shows that 9% of men and 7% of women are drinking at a harmful (higher risk) level. For men, this finding is in line with the national average for women, the finding as nearly two-fold (England 4%). Amongst men, this problem is concentrated in the 35-64 age groups amongst women, the under 24s and 45-54s perish the district average.Recommendations and StrategiesCurrent StrategiesThere have been various current strategies currently being put in place both by the local and national government. Some of the current strategies are aimed to tighten up the number of people who drink alcohol above recommended limits, olibanum reducing the adverse health impact of alcohol.reduce alcohol-related crime, disorder, intimidation, nuisance and anti-social behaviour.develop a comprehensive range of effective treatment, support, rehabilitation and reintegration services for alcohol victims, with easy access and go care pathways.reduce the harm caused by alcohol misuse inwardly families and relationships, including domestic abuse and the hidden harms caused to the children of alcohol- misusing parents.reduce the number of babies born with a disorder in the Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder range, and to decrease the risk of related problems experienced by children born with one of these disorders.reduce alcohol-related accidents and fires, thus reducing avoidable premature death, disabil ity and less serious injuries.reduce the economic costs of alcohol misuse.ensure that information and services are accessible and welcoming to all sections of Bradfords diverse population.RecommendationsIn other to address the problem of alcohol misuse at local, national, and global level, the following recommendations are providedEducation is on of the general way to address the issue of alcohol misuse. Government can make sure that all local schools have programs in place to educate children about the risks posed by alcohol misuse. It is important to arm young people in community with knowledge about the consequences of abusing drink and drugs.Government at both local and national level should fund youth clubs, art facilities and other activities to give young people alternative things to do instead of spending time on the streets drinking.The general practitioners as well as nursing practitioners should continue to provide better support/consultancy services to the victims of alc ohol.Provision of support group at different localities to provide improved counselling services and treatment programs for those with fondness abuse problems in the community. Discussion should be established with schools, colleges, local employers, government and policy makers to see if they have any facilities in place to draw and help those struggling with alcohol misuse.ConclusionThe public health issues on alcohol misuse are discussed in this work. Alcohol misuse is found to be one of the most devastating non-communicable deceases that contributes, or directly causes chronic ill-health, high mortality, violent crime, and anti-social behavior. The epidemiology and trends of alcohol misuse was discussed, while the social determinants of alcohol misuse based on gender difference, age, ethnicity, and family background was addressed. The policies put in place by both the local and national government to address the issues and problems of alcohol misuses are assessed. The last sec tion provided some recommendations and strategies to address the issue of alcohol misuse.

Critical Success Factors for Knowledge Management

little Success Factors for fellowship focal pointEnablers and Inhibitors of experience steering Critical Success Factors for K nowadaysledge focussingIntroductionThe information innovation has ca social functiond enterprises to realize the shift from resource economy of controlling land, machines, factories, raw materials, and labor metiers to the experience economy of creating commerce look upon through utilization of intangible fellowship. This has ca utilize companionship guidance to be of crucial importance and it has grabbed messs attention and gived real discussions both in the academia and industry. The true creation of business take account today mainly comes from experience and its oversight. acquaintance is lively in obtaining combative advantage within an enterprise (Sang and Hong, 2002), enterprises should consider the experience to be a critical resource and leverage it judiciously (Gupta et al., 2000 Liebowitz, 2003). To facilitate the inti macy assembly physical process, enterprises must encourage employees to sh be their experience and association with others meanwhile accumulating their intimacy as an organizational asset. Therefore, the activities of friendship commission should enable the creation, communication, and application of knowledge and they should drive the capability of creating and retaining a greater treasure onto the core business competencies (Tiwana, 2001). The enterprise wishings to build a frame race for evaluating the execution of instrument activities of knowledge circumspection system to enhance the legalness for incorporating new experiences and information to foster the contents and contexts of its knowledge.However, there atomic number 18 concerns some the enablers and inhibitors to implementing knowledge management for enterprises. The response to that concern is that there atomic number 18 broad and value studies related with the implementation of knowledge management ( Barney, 1995 Nonaka et al., 2000 Ndlela and Toit, 2001 Tiwana, 2001, Lin and Tseng, 2005). For example, Barney (1995) demonstrated that before launch to implement knowledge management, the enterprise get hold ofs to solve iv questions1. Where is the value of knowledge? 2. How does the truehearted develop and exploit the special characteristics of knowledge and find a recession to obtain greater competitoryness? 3. How does the firm avoid being imitated by other firms of its special characteristics of knowledge management? 4. How does the firm mold the victimisation of resources in order to implement knowledge management?In the process of carrying out knowledge management, enterprises collapse to face the varying conditions of bodied kitchen-gardening, motion flow processes, and the integration of group members knowledge. They to a fault need strong support from height management, because it is possible that during the process they will encounter resistance from employee s. Enterprises also need to increase the usage of information applied science in order to jockstrap the problem regarding the flow of information. Through the study of enablers and inhibitors this investigate not reasonable tries to validate theory with reality, scarcely it also hopes to provide a case for academia as salutary as the business field and betoken critical success factors for knowledge management implementations.Wong, (2005) indicate that previous studies of CSFs for KM implementation engender been heavily focused on large companies. This is because close of the early adopters and superior performers of KM were in fact large and multinational corporations. As such, existing factors ar mainly large companies oriented, thereby reflecting their situations and needs. at a time applying these factors into the SMEs surround whitethorn not be sufficient without an understand of their rattling own and specific conditions. Previous studies fall short of studying a nd unwraping the CSFs from the SMEs perspective. They have not considered the features, characteristics and situations of belittleder firms. Nor have they explored other factors, which could potentially be much cardinal for SMEs when accomplishing KM.This piece evolves a posture for critical success factors for acquaintance care implementations in Small Medium Enterprises using the Analytic power social system Process (AHP). AHP is an effective quantitative tool that helps to prioritize problems, issues or variables found on relevant criteria and alternatives. The applicability and usefulness of the AHP approach as a multi-criteria stopping point-making tool is well acknowledged in the management literature. The present work has adopted this tool for segregating a few critical aspects of association solicitude implementation from the inconsequential many, so that organizations could focus all on those dimensions that are crucial for their success instead of spending a large amount of time, effort and resources in mindlessly concentrating on peripheral issues.Hence the objectives of this paper are two-fold To identify the criteria for the AHP model with respect to issues relating to critical success factors for Knowledge guidance implementations in SMEs To present an AHP framework for absolute measurement of priorities in order to critically evaluate the issues relating to critical success factors for Knowledge Management implementations in SMEs.Review of LiteratureEnablers to Knowledge ManagementAs enterprises adventure into managing their knowledge they need to be clear of the factors that influence knowledge management, which are known as knowledge management enablers. Because enablers are the driving force in carrying out knowledge management, they do not just generate knowledge in the organization by stimulating the creation of knowledge, but they also motivate the group members to share their knowledge and experiences with one another, a llowing organizational knowledge to grow concurrently and systematically (Ichijo et al., 1998 Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999).Knowledge management enablers are the mechanism for the organization to develop its knowledge and also stimulate an environment within the organization for the creation and protection of knowledge. They are also the indispensable building blocks in the improvement of the effectiveness of activities for knowledge management (Ichijo et al., 1998 Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999). In related research, knowledge management enablers take the methods of knowledge management, organizational structure, corporate stopping point, information technology, people, and strategies, etc. (Bennett and Gabriel, 1999 Arthur Anderson Business Consulting, 1999 Arthur Anderson and APQC, 1996 Zack, 1999 Davenport, 1997 Long, 1997).To meet the challenge of managing strategic knowledge resources, an organization should be able to assess its preconditions for favored KM and their im pacts on KM performance (Gold et al., 2001). A study by Yu et al (2007) identify a set of critical enablers for developing organizational capabilities of KM. KM team activity, cultivation orientation, KM system quality, and KM reward were found to have a significant, positive influence on KM performance.Research through by Yeh et al. (2006) concludes that dodging and lead, corporate culture, people, and information technology are four of the enablers in knowledge management. They found that for the strategy and leadership enabler the most great part is to obtain the support of the carousel managers. For the corporate culture enabler, the authorized part is the forming of a culture of communion but needs to be supplemented by information technology. For the people enabler, other than the training courses, the channels of learning and the incentive program for the employees are also key factors. As for the information technology enabler, other than the digitalization of the doc uments, the speedy search of knowledge for its re-use is enough much and more important. In practice they discovered that the establishment of a dedicated unit is also a key enabler, and this enabler mainly plays the business office of furthering knowledge management, taking communication, and coordinating with other departments as its duty.Inhibitors to Knowledge ManagementThe biggest inhibitor to knowledge management implementation arises from unwillingness of people to systematically organize their knowledge. Since, this cannot be solved with technology, different kinds of work are needed. Examples include the advancement of knowledge management amongst people, or requiring top management to give their people pressure to implement knowledge management (Yeh et al., 2006).Lin et al (2005) give notice inhibitors in implementing the Knowledge Management arise out of strategic, perception, planning and implementation issues. The results of their research reveal that From the str ategic aspect, the upper management should address the enterprises strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats, and then machinate a suitable KM strategy. Furthermore, they should be equipped with information about the activities and performance throughout the organization. From the perception aspect, the critical task of the top managers is to identify the core knowledge required to maintain competitive advantage. Employees and top managers work together for a common goal thus, employee efforts can guarantee a successful implementation of the KMS. Therefore, an enterprise should provide suitable training and resources to the employees, and use information technology to provide a friendly repository to order and store knowledge. The enterprise should also establish an atmosphere emphasizing knowledge sharing and innovation and encouraging employees to form such a culture through a reward system. From the planning aspect, the action plan should include schedule, people involve d and resources required, although it is difficult to transfer the necessary knowledge to the KM plan due to non-standardization. Employees orientation toward KM, including the awareness of the importance and benefits of KM and IT skills for KM process, should be completely addressed. Knowledge-oriented employee assessments can also fail if they are not linked closely to existing incentive systems. The company should take locomote to build up the trust of the knowledge owners by associating knowledge sharing to pay and incentives. From the implementation aspect, a robust set of metrics that evaluates the value of the KMS after implementation will need to be developed. It is essential that the top managers instill in the employees the importance and benefits of KM. Employees often fear that if they pass on their knowledge to others, they will endanger their own position, authority, even power in the organization. Training and communication are essential to calm down employees fears of change, and possibly to help them to enjoy new ways of working with their colleagues. Thus, firms need to produce the right circumstance around the organization, primarily in the areas of KM activities and culture. Jennex and Zakharova (2005) suggest a holistic approach that addresses critical elements such as an effective technological infrastructure integrating the technology infrastructure into everyday processes having an enterprise-wide knowledge structure or taxonomy a knowledge management strategy knowledge management metrics of success and identification of inhibitors of knowledge usage.Lang (2001) have identify several(prenominal) inhibitors to knowledge creation and utilization in organizations. First, there may be inadequate care of those organizational relationships that promote knowledge creation. Second, there may be insufficient linkage between knowledge management and corporate strategy. Thirdly, inaccurate valuation of the contribution that knowledge makes t o corporations bottom take up renders the value of knowledge management ambiguous. Fourthly, there may be a pervasive lack of holism in knowledge management efforts. in conclusion perhaps not something ordinarily considered a problem for managers to deal with -poor literal skills may hinder the actual processes of knowledge creation.Plessis, (2007) feel that the management of the inhibitors to knowledge management would need to be a mix of cultural, organizational, process, management and technology initiatives. The challenge is to select and combine the methods and approaches available, and harness them to address the organizations business needs.Critical Success Factors for KMThere is a need for a more systematic and deliberate study on the critical success factors (CSFs) for implementing KM. Organisations need to be cognizant and aware of the factors that will influence the success of a KM initiative. Ignorance and oversight of the enablers and inhibitors will likely hinder a n organisations effort to escort its full benefit (Hung et al, 2005).Initially, KM appeared to be adopted only in large, multinational and international companies and hence, research work on CSFs has been largely centred on them. Most of these studies have not considered the differences of company size as well as the specific features of little(a) and medium enterprises (SMEs) that could affect KM. However, as it has now become a widely spread business discipline, it is no lifelong the concern of just large organisations. As asserted by Frey (2001), although major(ip) corporations have led the way in introducing and implementing KM, it is increasingly important for small businesses to manage their collective intellect. Okunoye and Karsten (2002) stated that KM has indeed become the profound sources for successful organisations regardless of their size and geographical locations. Therefore, a better understanding of the CSFs for implementing it in SMEs is needed in order to ensur e the success of their efforts.Wong, (2005) has sort the critical success factors into a number of generic factors such as management leadership and support, culture, technology, strategy, measurement, roles and responsibilities, etc. These are common in KM efforts and therefore, they are also believed to be applicable to SMEs. He suggests that one should also consider the needs and situations of SMEs when developing CSFs for them.Wong, (2005) proposes a comprehensive model for implementing KM in SMEs.They are management leadership and support culture IT strategy and purpose measurement organisational infrastructure processes and activities motivational aids resources training and precept and HRM.What emerges from the review of literature is the following There are both enablers and inhibitors to knowledge management implementations in SMEs Both enablers and inhibitors may be classified fundamentally into three broad categories human, technical and financial. Critical Success Factors for KM implementations are different for SMEs from that of large organizations Critical Success Factors also depend on the management of the enablers and the inhibitors Thus, it is beneficial for the SME to build a framework that would be used to prioritize the enablers and inhibitors to success. Therefore, we propose this AHP framework to the priorities for a SMEs initiative towards KM implementation. poser for KM implementationAny successful managerial implementation requires management of enablers and the inhibitors. Similarly, in case of Knowledge Management as well it is important to manage the enablers and the inhibitors.From the review of literature a 3 level stratified model as shown in prefigure 1 may be envisaged. At the root of the pecking order the overall objective of a successful Knowledge Management implementation may be considered. Successful Knowledge Management implementation depends on two criteria enablers and inhibitors which are depicted as level 2 in the figure. As has been mentioned above these enablers and inhibitors can be classified in level 3 into technical, human and financial enablers (inhibitors).Figure 1 Framework for Successful Knowledge Management Implementation4. methodology info Source The research used both secondary and chief(a) data. An extensive literature plenty was undertaken, which helped in framing the questionnaire for the primary data collection. The focus of the study was on primary data.Research approach The survey method was used for the study. Our primary data has been gathered using questionnaire technique. Our position population is all small firms in the National Capital dominion of Delhi (India) with turnover ranging from Rs. 5 crores to Rs. 25 Crores and employment levels between 15 and 50 employees. Specifically, we are targeting the owners or top managers at these firms.For the purposes of this research, we used a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire include 60 qu estions in two sections such as A Enablers to Knowledge Management B Inhibitors to Knowledge Management Contact Method The questionnaires were sent via email and were telephonically followed up. stress Size Amongst the 4263 companies (as per Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Prowess database) that belonged to the criteria in the entire country, 1039 such companies were located in the National Capital component part of Delhi, which included New Delhi, Delhi, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and NOIDA. Due care has been taken to include only those companies that made the sample more representative thus, e-mail questionnaires were sent to d amongst these 1039 companies. 119 responses were received that formed the sample for the study. This is a 23.8% response rate, which is acceptable.selective information synopsis The data so collected were analyzed with the AHP techniques to arrive at weights. The AHP is a generic problem-solving approach that is used in making complex multi-crit eria closes found on variables that do not have exact numerical consequences. The finding problem is represented in the form of a class-conscious structure with the apex being the overall focus or objective, criteria at the affection and the decision alternatives at the bottom. Such a configuration represents the basic three-level model of AHP. Nevertheless, several levels like sub goals, sub criteria, scenarios etc. could be considered in the model depending on the construction of the decision problem (Saaty, 2000). It employs a soft methodology to decompose an unstructured problem into a systematic decision hierarchy. In the quantitative sense, it adopts a pair wise comparison to work the consistency test to validate the consistency of responses. In short, AHP is a hierarchical representation of a system. A hierarchy is an abstraction of the structure of the system, consisting of several levels representing the decomposition of the overall objective to a set of clusters, sub -clusters, and so on down to the final level. Decomposing the complexity of a problem into different levels or components and synthesizing the relations of the components are the underlying concepts of AHP (Cheng and Li, 2001).5. RESEARCH FINDINGSWong , Kuan Yew, (2005), Critical success factors for implementing knowledge management in small and medium enterprises, Industrial Management selective information Systems the great unwashed 105 human activity 3 pp. 261-279Frey, R.S. (2001), Knowledge management, proposal development, and small businesses, The ledger of Management Development, Vol. 20 No.1, pp.38-54Okunoye, A., Karsten, H. (2002), Where the global needs the local var. in enablers in the knowledge management process, Journal of Global selective information Technology Management, Vol. 5 No.3, pp.12-31.Hung , Yu-Chung, Huang , Shi-Ming, Lin , Quo-Pin, Tsai , Mei-Ling, (2005), Critical factors in adopting a knowledge management system for the pharmaceutical industry, Ind ustrial Management Data Systems, Volume 105 Number 2 pp. 164-183 Lang , Josephine Chinying (2001), Managerial concerns in Knowledge management, Journal of Knowledge Management Volume 5 . Number 1 . . pp. 4357 Plessis , Marina du (2007), Knowledge management what makes complex implementations successful?, daybook OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, VOL. 11 NO. 2 2007, pp. 91-101 Jennex, M.E., Zakharova, I. (2005), Knowledge management critical success factors, available at www.management.com.au/strategy/str110.html Lin , Chinho, Yeh, Jong-Mau, Tseng, Shu-Mei, (2005), Case study on knowledge-management gaps, Journal of Knowledge Management Volume 9 Number 3 pp. 36-50 Yeh , Ying-Jung, Lai, Sun-Quae, Ho, Chin-Tsang, (2006), Knowledge management enablers a case study, Industrial Management Data Systems Volume 106 Number 6 pp. 793-810 Yu, Sung-Ho, Kim, Young-Gul, Kim, Min-Yong, (2007), Do we know what very drives KM performance?, Journal of Knowledge Management, Volume 11 Number 6 pp. 39-53 Gol d, A.H., Malhotra, A., Segars, A.H. (2001), Knowledge management an organizational capabilities perspective, Journal of Management cultivation Systems, Vol. 18 No.1, pp.185-214. Zack, M.H. (1999), Managing codified knowledge, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40 No.4, pp.45-57. Davenport, T.H. (1997), Ten principles of knowledge management and four case studies, Knowledge and Process Management, Vol. 4 No.3, pp.187-208.Long, D.D. (1997), Building the knowledge-based organizations how culture drives knowledge behaviors, working paper of the Center for Business Innovation, Ernst Young LLP, Cambridge, MA, . Bennett, R., Gabriel, H. (1999), organizational factors and knowledge management within large marketing departments an empirical study, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 3 No.3, pp.212-25. Ndlela, L.T., Toit, A.S.A. (2001), Establishing a knowledge management programme for competitive advantage in an enterprise, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 21 No.2, pp.1 51-65. Ichijo, K., Krough, G., Nonaka, I. (1998), Knowledge enablers, in Krogh, G., Roos, J. (Eds),Knowing in Firms, Sage, London, pp.173-203. Stonehouse, G.H., Pemberton, J.D. (1999), Learning and knowledge management in the smart as a whip organization, Participate Empowerment An International Journal, Vol. 7 No.5, pp.131-44. Tiwana, A. (2001), The Knowledge Management Toolkit virtual(a) Techniques for Building Knowledge Management Systems, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, . Liebowitz, J. (2003), Keynote paper measuring the value of online communities, leading to innovation and learning, International Journal of Innovation and Learning, Vol. 1 No.1, pp.1-8. Gupta, B., Iyer, L.S., Aronson, J.E. (2000), Knowledge management practices and challenges, Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol. 100 No.1, pp.17-21.Saaty T. L. (2000), Fundamentals of decision making and priority theory with the AHP, 2nd edn. RWS, Pittsburg PA Cheng, E.W.L. and Li, H. (2001), Analytic hierarchy pro cess an approach to determine measures for business performance, Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 30-6.Sang, M.L., Hong, S. (2002), An enterprise-wide knowledge management system infrastructure, Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol. 102 No.1, pp.17-25. Arthur Anderson and The American Productivity and Quality Center (1996), The Knowledge Management estimate Tool External Benchmarking Version, Arthur Anderson/APQC, Chicago, IL, .Arthur Anderson Business Consulting (1999), Zukai Knowledge Management, TOKYO Keizai, Inc., Tokyo, . Nonaka, I., Toyama, R., Konno, N. (2000), SECI, ba and leadership a unified model of dynamic knowledge creation, Long roll out Planning, Vol. 33 No.1, pp.5-34Barney, J. (1995), Looking inside for competitive advantage, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 9 No.4, pp.49-61.Lin, Chinho, Tseng, Shu-Mei, (2005), The implementation gaps for the knowledge management system, Industrial Management Data Systems Volume 105 Number 2 2005 pp. 208-2 22

Modifying Consumer Behaviour Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Essay

Modifying Consumer Behaviour Sustainable Development purlieual Sciences EssayThe utilise of charge plate grips warrants attention in the sustainable outlay debate, especially when packaging accounts for a signifi tusht amount of the resources consumed and waste generated by our consumer lifestyles. Governments, retailers and manu featureurers atomic number 18 striving to improve sustainability performance by finding ways to slenderize elastic theme use.The authors nurse d unrivaled sufficient question in providing a global perspective through approaches adopted by different countries in reducing their shaping use. For example, India banned the use of pliant bags while voluntary action is on the kick downstairs of consumers and the business association to castrate ductile bag use in the UK. References obtained by the authors are credible and reliable as information was based on modern data and reputable sources.The authors also present a balanced deliberate of bo th advantages and disadvantages of plastics bags. They are energy efficient to produce, personify-effective, convenient to store and slow to use. However, they turn out adverse impacts in terms of waste disposal and one significant problem is that plastic bags are non-biodegradable and take at least hundred long time to decompose. When they break down in size, they kill maritime animals which mistake the plastic bags for food and ingest them (Aldred, 2007). Plastic bags clog drainage systems and create pollution where discarded plastic bags float in oceans. vast amounts of money also have to be spent on cleanup position up the plastic bags and the damages caused by them (Russo, 2012).However, the claim that many countries pass away a substantial amount on cleaning up the plastic bags and the damages caused by them is not justified. In many cases, these claims are yet guesses by advocates instead of data based on actual studies, and cost is oftentimes thrown in as a justific ation afterward bans are enacted for political reasons (). Science also does not support the fact that plastic bags do any genuine harm. Plastic bags end up doing slight damage than new(prenominal) alternatives and the benefits that the bags offer far outweigh their cost. strong-minded studies also show that plastic bags are environmentally preferable to melodic theme because plastic bags have a lighter environmental footprint than idea and when they are reused, they are preferable to the reusable plastic totes. In addition, flowing plastic bags use 70% less plastic than those of 20 years previously and account for less fuel to transport, fewer emissions than paper bags. Nevertheless, see reuse plastic totes made from polypropylene are better for the environment even though plastic bags are a more environmentally friendly choice than paper bags and reusable totes.Due to the damaging environmental effects which plastic bags have, countries like Taiwan banned the use of plas tics bags to reduce environmental issues such as litter and landfill. With a ban on plastic bags, funds would be redirected to infrastructures. Consumer demand shift toward other alternatives, creating more opportunities for entrepreneurs to come up with alternatives to plastic. Companies that manufacture reusable bags could also expand their overlap lines and create more jobs (..).However, research by revealed that forbiddance of plastic bags would steer to an increase in paper bag production, resulting in a greater amount of methane being released in landfill. Other research also revealed that banning plastic bags does not jock the environment as it increase snow emissions and other environmental problems. Research by Lane showed that even though most of the waste in landfill sites comes from packaging, plastic bags form only a small fraction of the litter stream. They occupy lesser of the landfill space, leading to lesser greenhouse gases and pollution, as compared to wood and paper (British Retail Consortium News, 2007).I agree with the authors assumption that plastic-bag bans would not lead to a long-term declaration in saving the environment. The use of materials and energy should not be curtail where only unnecessary use of plastic bags is avoided. Instead, there should be a sustainable use of everything which includes the reinforcement of cosmos awareness and motivation to reduce, reuse and recycle (3Rs) to resolve environmental problems. on that pointfore, some countries like UK do not support an outright ban on plastic and seek other possible alternatives such as reusable totes or paper bags or having a tax imposed on plastic bags. Prendergast et al. (2001) found that consumers are more likely to reuse a paper bag an ordinary of 2.7 generation whereas a plastic bag will be reused 1.6 times and retaining a paper bag over a plastic bag leads to increased re-usage. However, alternatives such as reusable totes and paper bags have a worse effe ct on the environment than plastic bags. Plastic bags require 40 part less energy than paper bags and that paper bag manufacturing creates 70 percent more air pollution and 50 percent more water pollution (). Alternatives to plastic bags may not be practical because in many cases, efforts to increase bag recycling have shown minimal success to date (). Furthermore, when governments outlaw plastic bags to sanction consumers to use other environmentally damaging products, more pollution is actually created. There might also be society and economic impacts on the less affluent in terms of employment loss, due to reduced plastic bag manufacturingAnother possible alternative which the authors did not consider could be the recycling of plastic bags in recycling centers where plastic is melt and polymers are reused to carpets or clothes. However, plastic recycling has proven to be difficult to march mechanically as plastic bags are made of polyethylene where it is often labour intensive and cost intensive to sort plastic waste.A key assumption made by the authors is that plastic bags bans are safe for the environment.Therefore, the issue of banning plastic bags still remain a line as many variables are at play and the process of changing consumer behaviour in relation to plastic bag use can be a complex one. There are different perspectives as to how such consumption should be modified. For countries such as Bangladesh and India, flooding and public health concerns resulted in the use of legislation to ban the use of plastic bags. Plastic bag bans can prevent flooding in urban areas and human health problems. In the UK, voluntary action is on the part of consumers and the business community to reduce plastic bag use. Consumers are urged to reduce their use of plastic bags while manufacturers and retailers are expected to introduce measures to advertise consumers to act responsibly. Other countries like Italy, Ireland and Denmark prefer to impose tax to encour age consumers to reduce plastic bag use and taxes collected can help raise revenue for further environmental improvement.To conclude, the use of plastic bags have a great impact on sustainable consumption and changing consumer behavior through voluntary action, legislation banning the use of plastic bags, or taxing their use can make an effective constituent to a more sustainable future.